Which Came First, the Telecommuting or the Residential Relocation?

Which Came First, the Telecommuting or the Residential Relocation? An Empirical Analysis of Causality

Ory, David T., and Patricia L. Mokhtarian
Urban Geography 27, no. 7 (2006): 590-609
https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.27.7.590

“The key question we attempt to answer is whether telecommuting is a “friend or foe” of travel reduction policies. In the friend scenario, telecommuting allows those independently inclined to live in distant locations to commute less frequently to work. In the foe scenario, telecommuting motivates those who would otherwise live closer to work to move to more distant locations, possibly increasing urban sprawl and resulting in more vehicle-miles traveled than would have occurred without the option of telecommuting.”

— David Ory & Patricia Mokhtarian